The Second Auschwitz Trial (in Krakow) was lightning-fast: it took less than a month to issue verdicts on forty defendants (less than one day per one defendant). Which was another proof that this trial was the trial in name only – it was a show trial in a Communist kangaroo court not that much different from infamous Moscow trials of Stalin’s Great Purge of 1936-38.
No surprise here – Communist Poland of 1947 was not that much different from Stalin’s Bolshevist Soviet Union of 1937… or 1947. This trial was purely political as its objective had nothing to do with justice.
This show trial was held for one and only one purpose: to deflect attention from “German Holocaust” – ethnic cleansing of Poland of Germans (which was approved by Potsdam Conference – in this respect exactly the same as its counterpart in Wannsee three years prior).
About 15 million Germans were deported from their homes in Eastern Europe (the SS did not even attempt anything that gargantuan) and up to TWO MILLION (half of the Holocaust death toll) were savagely murdered in the process.
Only because they were Germans – so the Poles and their Soviet masters committed genocide no different from the one committed by the Nazis. Oh, no, it WAS different – the Jews were killed in a much more humane way.
First Auschwitz Trial had all the hallmarks of Soviet criminal “justice”: forged documents, false witnesses, torture … however, it is undeniable that the defendants were for the most part guilty as sin – and got what they deserved.
The best-known defendants were SS Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Liebehenschel, former Auschwitz commandant; notorious Maria Mandl, head of the Auschwitz women’s camps; and SS-doctor Johann Kremer (he was involved in Nazi human experimentation on camp prisoners). 37 other SS officers (33 men and four women) who had served as guards or doctors in Auschwitz-Birkenau were also tried.
No specific mention of genocide of Jews was made during court proceedings; the defendants were charged with serial mass murder of Polish and Soviet citizens.
23 defendants were sentenced to death (two commuted to life in prison); six to life in prison; seven to 15 years in jail; three to 10, 5 and 3 years and one was acquitted. The first (and the most notorious) Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss, sentenced to death in a previous trial, was hanged on April 16, 1947, in front of the crematorium at Auschwitz I. All others condemned to death were hanged on January 24, 1948.
Wannsee Conference in 100 Facts
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RolandVT
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RolandVT
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Rudolf Höss Trial Was the First Auschwitz Trial
The most interesting thing about Rudolf Höss – the first and the most notorious Auschwitz – is the false testimony that he (allegedly under threat of torture or harm to his family) gave at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
He testified that the death toll at Auschwitz was around 3 million while it was subsequently proven that it was no more than 1.1 million. In his essay on the Final Solution in Auschwitz, which Höss wrote in Kraków, he revised the previously given death toll to a realistic 1,130,000… but the damage has already been done.
Done, because, according to universally accepted principles of criminal justice, just one such false statement accepted by the court is sufficient to invalidate all other witnesses’ statements… and thus essentially the whole trial.
Unfortunately, the Soviet practice of false witnesses, forged documents and overall abandonment of fundamental principles of criminal justice somehow crawled into IMT Nuremberg trial. In his memoir, Höss claimed to have suffered mistreatment at the hands of his British captors and to have signed the transcript of his first interrogation under duress. Which was, most likely, true.
These practices automatically made all defendants de-jure not guilty due to legal issues – regardless of whether they were guilty de-facto. Not innocent, mind you – just not guilty. And makes all documents generated by this trial highly suspect.
On 25 May 1946, Höss was handed over to Polish authorities, and the Supreme National Tribunal in Poland tried him for murder. As all Soviet and Communist trials, it was a show trial in a kangaroo court… however, it does not change the undeniable fact that was guilty as sin and got what he richly deserved.
Höss’ trial lasted from March 11 to 29, 1947. He was sentenced to death by hanging on 2 April. The sentence was carried out two weeks later on 16 April beside the crematorium of the former Auschwitz I concentration camp. He was hanged on a short-drop gallows (the most cruel kind of hanging) constructed specifically for that purpose, at the location of the camp’s Gestapo.
Shortly before his execution, Höss returned to the Catholic Church. On 10 April 1947, he received the sacrament of penance from a Jesuit priest. The next day, the same priest administered to him Holy Communion as Viaticum (the Eucharist administered to a person who is dying – part of the Last Rites). Höss’ was the last public execution in Poland (about 100 witnesses were present, including former prisoners and various high-ranking officials of the Polish government).
He testified that the death toll at Auschwitz was around 3 million while it was subsequently proven that it was no more than 1.1 million. In his essay on the Final Solution in Auschwitz, which Höss wrote in Kraków, he revised the previously given death toll to a realistic 1,130,000… but the damage has already been done.
Done, because, according to universally accepted principles of criminal justice, just one such false statement accepted by the court is sufficient to invalidate all other witnesses’ statements… and thus essentially the whole trial.
Unfortunately, the Soviet practice of false witnesses, forged documents and overall abandonment of fundamental principles of criminal justice somehow crawled into IMT Nuremberg trial. In his memoir, Höss claimed to have suffered mistreatment at the hands of his British captors and to have signed the transcript of his first interrogation under duress. Which was, most likely, true.
These practices automatically made all defendants de-jure not guilty due to legal issues – regardless of whether they were guilty de-facto. Not innocent, mind you – just not guilty. And makes all documents generated by this trial highly suspect.
On 25 May 1946, Höss was handed over to Polish authorities, and the Supreme National Tribunal in Poland tried him for murder. As all Soviet and Communist trials, it was a show trial in a kangaroo court… however, it does not change the undeniable fact that was guilty as sin and got what he richly deserved.
Höss’ trial lasted from March 11 to 29, 1947. He was sentenced to death by hanging on 2 April. The sentence was carried out two weeks later on 16 April beside the crematorium of the former Auschwitz I concentration camp. He was hanged on a short-drop gallows (the most cruel kind of hanging) constructed specifically for that purpose, at the location of the camp’s Gestapo.
Shortly before his execution, Höss returned to the Catholic Church. On 10 April 1947, he received the sacrament of penance from a Jesuit priest. The next day, the same priest administered to him Holy Communion as Viaticum (the Eucharist administered to a person who is dying – part of the Last Rites). Höss’ was the last public execution in Poland (about 100 witnesses were present, including former prisoners and various high-ranking officials of the Polish government).
Scribo, ergo sum
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RolandVT
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Most Key Holocaust Perpetrators Got What They Deserved
Unlike perpetrators of just about all genocides, democides and other mass murders in XX century (with notable exception of Armenian genocide), most top Holocaust culprits got what they deserved.
They either were captured, tried, convicted of mass murder, sentenced to death and executed (usually hanged but sometimes shot) or died in jail or were forced to commit suicide… or died in battle (often as heroes).
Two primary culprits (in terms of their positions in Nazi hierarchy) committed suicide. Adolf Hitler in his Führerbunker and Hermann Göring in his prison cell in Nuremberg (hours before he was scheduled to be hanged after being sentenced to death by International Military Tribunal).
However, contrary to almost universal misconception, SS-Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler did NOT commit suicide in Lüneburg on May 24, 1945. Actually, there was no suicide at all – Himmler’s impersonator (the latter was proven beyond the reasonable doubt by Hugh Thomas – an experienced medical examiner) was brutally murdered by a British NCO (proven by David Irving – one of the leading Third Reich historians, despite his Holocaust denial).
Most likely, Himmler fled to German Switzerland where he established the global headquarters of (in)famous ODESSA organization. And, most likely, lived a long an happy life.
First RSHA boss (and the designated manager of “Holocaust Project”) Reinhard Heydrich was attacked by British commandos (of Czech origin) but was subsequently killed by Himmler’s personal physician (whether intentionally or not, is still unknown).
Heydrich’s successor Ernst Kaltenbrunner was convicted of crimes against humanity by IMT, sentenced to death and hanged in Nuremberg. WVHA chief Oswald Pohl met the same fate in the same city five years later. His deputy, head of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate, Richard Glücks, committed suicide two days after Nazi Germany officially surrendered.
According to mainstream historians, Aktion Reinhard project manager Odilo Globocnik committed suicide on May 31, 1945 while in British custody (just like – allegedly – Himmler). However, there is some evidence that he made a deal with the Allies and was set free in exchange for his silence about “trading with enemy”.
Hermann Höfle, second-in-command in Aktion Reinhard, after the war lived as a free man until 1961, when he was arrested by the Austrian authorities and sent to prison in Vienna, where in 1962 he hanged himself before his trial could begin.
Richard Thomalla, the man in charge of construction for the Aktion Reinhard death camps Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka, was captured by Red Army in Czechoslovakia and shot without a trial on May 12, 1945.
Erwin Lambert supervised construction of the gas chambers for the Action T4 euthanasia program at Hartheim, Sonnenstein, Bernburg and Hadamar, and later at Sobibór and Treblinka extermination camps during Aktion Reinhard.
After the war, Lambert lived as a free man until 1962, when he was finally arrested. At the First Treblinka Trial in 1965, Lambert was tried for the first time and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment for aiding and abetting the murder of at least 300,000 people.
Having already served this time, he was allowed to continue to live as a free man. At the Sobibór Trial in 1966, Lambert was acquitted. At both trials Lambert denied involvement in the killing operation and claimed that he merely suspected that the buildings would be used for killing. Lambert died in his house on October 15, 1976.
Hans Frank, whose administration in occupied Poland (General Government) played a vital role in the “Holocaust by Gas” project, met the same fate as Ernst Kaltenbrunner. He was convicted of crimes against humanity by IMT, sentenced to death and hanged in Nuremberg.
His deputy (and his representative at Wannsee Conference) Josef Bühler was extradited to Poland, tried, convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentenced to death and executed by hanging on 22 August 1948 at Montelupich Prison in Kraków.
Adolf Eichmann – one of the key managers of “Holocaust by Gas” project (first and foremost, of Holocaust in Hungary) and an organizer of Wannsee Conference, was tracked down and apprehended by Mossad, and put on trial before the Supreme Court of Israel. He was convicted of serial mass murder, sentenced to death and executed by hanging in 1962.
Gestapo chief Heinrich Muller was more like “Holocaust accountant” and provided support to actual murders… but he still was guilty of “Wannsee Conspiracy” to commit serial mass murder in death factories (killing centers).
Müller was allegedly last seen in the Führerbunker on the evening of May 1st, 1945… but even that is debatable (witnesses are notoriously unreliable – especially in hellish Berlin of that time).
The only indisputable fact is that he disappeared without a trace and has never been seen since. Most mainstream historians believe that that he was most likely killed or committed suicide during the chaotic fall of Berlin, but his body, if recovered, was never identified. I think that he escaped and fled to German Switzerland where he joined Himmler as head of security for ODESSA.
Rudolf Höss, the first (and longest-serving) Auschwitz commandant, was extradited to Poland, tried, convicted of war crimes and executed by hanging. Arthur Liebehenschel, the second Auschwitz commandant, subsequently took command of Majdanek, was captured by Red Army and met the same fate as his predecessor.
Richard Baer, the final Auschwitz commandant, fared far better. Following the war, Baer lived under an assumed name for 15 years but was ultimately recognized and arrested in December 1960. He died in detention before he could stand trial.
Karl-Otto Koch, the first commandant of Majdanek, was tried in the SS court on April 5, 1945, on charges of robbing the Reich of Jewish gold and money and committing multiple unauthorized murders. He was convicted, sentenced to death and executed on the same day.
Max Koegel, the second commandant of Majdanek, committed suicide in Allied detention in Germany the day after his arrest on June 27, 1946. Hermann Florstedt, the second commandant of Majdanek, met the same fate as the first one – and for the same reasons (only ten days later).
Martin Gottfried Weiss, the fourth commandant, was tried by the U.S. military during the Dachau trials (he was the last commandant of Dachau) in November 1945, convicted of war crimes, sentenced to death and hanged on May 29, 1946.
De-facto last commandant of Majdanek, Anton Thernes (who failed to destroy evidence), was captured by Red Army, immediately transferred to Polish custody, tried at the Majdanek trials in Lublin, found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to death by hanging and executed on December 3, 1944.
Christian Wirth, the first Belzec commandant, was shot and killed on May 26, 1944 by Yugoslav Partisans while travelling (Heydrich-style) in an open-topped car near Kozina (now Slovenia).
Gottlieb Hering, the second and last commandant of Belzec, died of mysterious illness in October of 1945 in the hospital waiting room in Stetten im Remstal in Baden-Württemberg. It is possible that he was poisoned by Jewish avengers.
Herbert Lange, the first commandant of Chelmno killing center, was killed in action during the Battle of Berlin on 20 April 1945 (Hitler’s birthday – of all days). Hans Bothmann, the second and last commandant of Chelmno, committed suicide in British custody in April 1946.
Franz Stangl, the first commandant of Sobibor (and subsequently of Treblinka), after the war escaped to Syria (!!) and then to Brazil. He was tracked by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested by Brazilian federal police on 28 February 1967.
After his extradition to West Germany by Brazilian authorities, he was tried for the deaths of around 1,000,000 people. He admitted to these killings but had no remorse: “My conscience is clear. I was simply doing my duty…”
On June 28, 1971, before he could stand trial, Stangl died of heart failure in a Düsseldorf prison. Franz Reichleitner, the second and last commandant of Sobibor, was killed by Italian partisans on January 3, 1944.
Irmfried Eberl, the first commandant of Treblinka death factory, was arrested in January 1948. He hanged himself in his cell the following month to avoid trial.
Kurt Franz, the last commandant of Treblinka, was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Treblinka Trials in 1965. He was eventually released in 1993 after serving twenty-eight years.
The first commander of Einsatzgruppe A (the most murderous of the four) Franz Walter Stahlecker was fatally wounded in action on March 22, 1942, by Soviet partisans in Leningrad Oblast (50 km from Leningrad).
His successor Heinz Jost was sentenced to life imprisonment at Einsatzgruppen trial but his sentence was soon commuted to ten years (no surprise here). In December 1951, he was released from Landsberg Prison serving only 6.5 years. He then worked in Düsseldorf as a real estate agent and died in 1964.
The third commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Humbert Achamer-Pifrader was killed by an Allied bomb on April 25, 1945. His successor Friedrich Panzinger was captured by NKVD, tried, convicted and sentenced to 25 years of hard labor (amazingly, there was no death penalty in the USSR at that time).
He served just ten years in the Gulag; was released in September 1955 and repatriated to then West Germany. In 1959, he was arrested again, charged with murder and committed suicide by poisoning himself in his cell.
The last commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Wilhelm Fuchs, after the was arrested and extradited to Yugoslavia. He was tried along with seventeen others for the deaths of 150,000 men, women and children, including 35,000 Jews, and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Military Court in Belgrade on 22 December 1946. He was executed by hanging on 24 January 1947.
Arthur Nebe, the first commander of Einsatzgruppe B, subsequently switched sides and got heavily involved in July 20, 1944 coup attempt against Adolf Hitler. The coup failed; Nebe (at the time chief of all German criminal police) went into hiding but was betrayed and apprehended by the Gestapo.
He was brought before the infamous “People’s Court”, charged with treason, convicted, sentenced to death and, according to official records, executed at Plötzensee Prison by being hanged from a meat hook, in accordance with Hitler’s order that the bomb plotters were to be “hanged like cattle”. What happened to him in reality, is still not completely certain.
Nebe’s successor Erich Naumann was captured by the Allies and faced a U.S. military court during the Einsatzgruppen trial in Nuremberg. He was found guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and membership in a criminal organization, namely the SS and the SD. Naumann was sentenced to death and hanged shortly after midnight on June 7, 1951.
Horst Böhme, the third commander of Einsatzgruppe B, after the war… just disappeared. Vanished without a trace. He was declared dead by the district court of Kiel in August 1954, with a death date of April 10, 1945. It was presumed that he had either died in combat or shot himself so as not to fall into Soviet hands. What really happened to him, is anybody’s guess.
His successor, Heinrich Seetzen, after the war was arrested by the British military police. On September 28, 1945, Seetzen allegedly committed suicide using a cyanide capsule. However, he was never officially identified so his true fate remains uncertain.
Otto Rasch, the first commander of Einsatzgruppe C, is the most enigmatic of all. Having neither education/training nor practical experience in oil industry, at the beginning of 1942, he quit the SS and became the director of Continental Oil, Inc. in Berlin (allegedly, the key component of “oil for the Jews” project).
After the war, he was arrested by the Allies was indicted at the Einsatzgruppen trial at the end of September 1947 but the charges were dropped in February 1948, since his physical and mental health were (allegedly) rapidly deteriorating from Parkinson’s disease and associated dementia.
Rasch was transferred back to an internment camp in the British zone. As his health further deteriorated, he was released in June 1948. He allegedly died of his illness at his home in Wehrstedt, Lower Saxony in November 1948.
Given his (allegedly) deep involvement in “trading with the enemy” (“oil for Jews”), it is possible that in reality he just disappeared – possibly joining Himmler, Muller and Globocnik in ODESSA in German Switzerland.
His successor Max Thomas, after the end of the war, went into hiding under the assumed name but was exposed and arrested. On December 6, 1945, he attempted suicide and died as a result in the Luitpold Hospital in Würzburg.
Otto Ohlendorf, the first commander of Einsatzgruppe D, was tried at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging in 1951. His successor, Walther Bierkamp, committed suicide on 15 May 1945.
Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu – the man largely responsible for Holocaust in Romania that claimed over 250,000 lives – was deposed in 1944, arrested and tried before the first in a series of People’s Tribunals, on charges of war crimes, crimes against the peace and treason. He was found guilty on all charges, sentenced to death and executed by a military firing squad on 1 June 1946.
Croatian dictator Ante Pavelic was the main instigator of the genocidal crimes committed against Serbs, Jews, Roma and Bosniaks. In 1957, he was shot and mortally wounded by ex-Serbian officer. He died in 1959.
Hungarian dictator Ferenc Szálasi and his Arrow Cross Party were responsible for the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews of Auschwitz and for murder of about 15,000 in the Hungarian version of “Holocaust by Bullets”.
Two days before Nazi surrender, Szálasi was captured by American troops in Austria where he fled. In October, he was extradited to Hungary where he was tried by the People’s Tribunal in Budapest, convicted and sentenced to death for war crimes and high treason. He was hanged on 12 March 1946 in Budapest.
They either were captured, tried, convicted of mass murder, sentenced to death and executed (usually hanged but sometimes shot) or died in jail or were forced to commit suicide… or died in battle (often as heroes).
Two primary culprits (in terms of their positions in Nazi hierarchy) committed suicide. Adolf Hitler in his Führerbunker and Hermann Göring in his prison cell in Nuremberg (hours before he was scheduled to be hanged after being sentenced to death by International Military Tribunal).
However, contrary to almost universal misconception, SS-Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler did NOT commit suicide in Lüneburg on May 24, 1945. Actually, there was no suicide at all – Himmler’s impersonator (the latter was proven beyond the reasonable doubt by Hugh Thomas – an experienced medical examiner) was brutally murdered by a British NCO (proven by David Irving – one of the leading Third Reich historians, despite his Holocaust denial).
Most likely, Himmler fled to German Switzerland where he established the global headquarters of (in)famous ODESSA organization. And, most likely, lived a long an happy life.
First RSHA boss (and the designated manager of “Holocaust Project”) Reinhard Heydrich was attacked by British commandos (of Czech origin) but was subsequently killed by Himmler’s personal physician (whether intentionally or not, is still unknown).
Heydrich’s successor Ernst Kaltenbrunner was convicted of crimes against humanity by IMT, sentenced to death and hanged in Nuremberg. WVHA chief Oswald Pohl met the same fate in the same city five years later. His deputy, head of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate, Richard Glücks, committed suicide two days after Nazi Germany officially surrendered.
According to mainstream historians, Aktion Reinhard project manager Odilo Globocnik committed suicide on May 31, 1945 while in British custody (just like – allegedly – Himmler). However, there is some evidence that he made a deal with the Allies and was set free in exchange for his silence about “trading with enemy”.
Hermann Höfle, second-in-command in Aktion Reinhard, after the war lived as a free man until 1961, when he was arrested by the Austrian authorities and sent to prison in Vienna, where in 1962 he hanged himself before his trial could begin.
Richard Thomalla, the man in charge of construction for the Aktion Reinhard death camps Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka, was captured by Red Army in Czechoslovakia and shot without a trial on May 12, 1945.
Erwin Lambert supervised construction of the gas chambers for the Action T4 euthanasia program at Hartheim, Sonnenstein, Bernburg and Hadamar, and later at Sobibór and Treblinka extermination camps during Aktion Reinhard.
After the war, Lambert lived as a free man until 1962, when he was finally arrested. At the First Treblinka Trial in 1965, Lambert was tried for the first time and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment for aiding and abetting the murder of at least 300,000 people.
Having already served this time, he was allowed to continue to live as a free man. At the Sobibór Trial in 1966, Lambert was acquitted. At both trials Lambert denied involvement in the killing operation and claimed that he merely suspected that the buildings would be used for killing. Lambert died in his house on October 15, 1976.
Hans Frank, whose administration in occupied Poland (General Government) played a vital role in the “Holocaust by Gas” project, met the same fate as Ernst Kaltenbrunner. He was convicted of crimes against humanity by IMT, sentenced to death and hanged in Nuremberg.
His deputy (and his representative at Wannsee Conference) Josef Bühler was extradited to Poland, tried, convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, sentenced to death and executed by hanging on 22 August 1948 at Montelupich Prison in Kraków.
Adolf Eichmann – one of the key managers of “Holocaust by Gas” project (first and foremost, of Holocaust in Hungary) and an organizer of Wannsee Conference, was tracked down and apprehended by Mossad, and put on trial before the Supreme Court of Israel. He was convicted of serial mass murder, sentenced to death and executed by hanging in 1962.
Gestapo chief Heinrich Muller was more like “Holocaust accountant” and provided support to actual murders… but he still was guilty of “Wannsee Conspiracy” to commit serial mass murder in death factories (killing centers).
Müller was allegedly last seen in the Führerbunker on the evening of May 1st, 1945… but even that is debatable (witnesses are notoriously unreliable – especially in hellish Berlin of that time).
The only indisputable fact is that he disappeared without a trace and has never been seen since. Most mainstream historians believe that that he was most likely killed or committed suicide during the chaotic fall of Berlin, but his body, if recovered, was never identified. I think that he escaped and fled to German Switzerland where he joined Himmler as head of security for ODESSA.
Rudolf Höss, the first (and longest-serving) Auschwitz commandant, was extradited to Poland, tried, convicted of war crimes and executed by hanging. Arthur Liebehenschel, the second Auschwitz commandant, subsequently took command of Majdanek, was captured by Red Army and met the same fate as his predecessor.
Richard Baer, the final Auschwitz commandant, fared far better. Following the war, Baer lived under an assumed name for 15 years but was ultimately recognized and arrested in December 1960. He died in detention before he could stand trial.
Karl-Otto Koch, the first commandant of Majdanek, was tried in the SS court on April 5, 1945, on charges of robbing the Reich of Jewish gold and money and committing multiple unauthorized murders. He was convicted, sentenced to death and executed on the same day.
Max Koegel, the second commandant of Majdanek, committed suicide in Allied detention in Germany the day after his arrest on June 27, 1946. Hermann Florstedt, the second commandant of Majdanek, met the same fate as the first one – and for the same reasons (only ten days later).
Martin Gottfried Weiss, the fourth commandant, was tried by the U.S. military during the Dachau trials (he was the last commandant of Dachau) in November 1945, convicted of war crimes, sentenced to death and hanged on May 29, 1946.
De-facto last commandant of Majdanek, Anton Thernes (who failed to destroy evidence), was captured by Red Army, immediately transferred to Polish custody, tried at the Majdanek trials in Lublin, found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to death by hanging and executed on December 3, 1944.
Christian Wirth, the first Belzec commandant, was shot and killed on May 26, 1944 by Yugoslav Partisans while travelling (Heydrich-style) in an open-topped car near Kozina (now Slovenia).
Gottlieb Hering, the second and last commandant of Belzec, died of mysterious illness in October of 1945 in the hospital waiting room in Stetten im Remstal in Baden-Württemberg. It is possible that he was poisoned by Jewish avengers.
Herbert Lange, the first commandant of Chelmno killing center, was killed in action during the Battle of Berlin on 20 April 1945 (Hitler’s birthday – of all days). Hans Bothmann, the second and last commandant of Chelmno, committed suicide in British custody in April 1946.
Franz Stangl, the first commandant of Sobibor (and subsequently of Treblinka), after the war escaped to Syria (!!) and then to Brazil. He was tracked by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested by Brazilian federal police on 28 February 1967.
After his extradition to West Germany by Brazilian authorities, he was tried for the deaths of around 1,000,000 people. He admitted to these killings but had no remorse: “My conscience is clear. I was simply doing my duty…”
On June 28, 1971, before he could stand trial, Stangl died of heart failure in a Düsseldorf prison. Franz Reichleitner, the second and last commandant of Sobibor, was killed by Italian partisans on January 3, 1944.
Irmfried Eberl, the first commandant of Treblinka death factory, was arrested in January 1948. He hanged himself in his cell the following month to avoid trial.
Kurt Franz, the last commandant of Treblinka, was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Treblinka Trials in 1965. He was eventually released in 1993 after serving twenty-eight years.
The first commander of Einsatzgruppe A (the most murderous of the four) Franz Walter Stahlecker was fatally wounded in action on March 22, 1942, by Soviet partisans in Leningrad Oblast (50 km from Leningrad).
His successor Heinz Jost was sentenced to life imprisonment at Einsatzgruppen trial but his sentence was soon commuted to ten years (no surprise here). In December 1951, he was released from Landsberg Prison serving only 6.5 years. He then worked in Düsseldorf as a real estate agent and died in 1964.
The third commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Humbert Achamer-Pifrader was killed by an Allied bomb on April 25, 1945. His successor Friedrich Panzinger was captured by NKVD, tried, convicted and sentenced to 25 years of hard labor (amazingly, there was no death penalty in the USSR at that time).
He served just ten years in the Gulag; was released in September 1955 and repatriated to then West Germany. In 1959, he was arrested again, charged with murder and committed suicide by poisoning himself in his cell.
The last commander of Einsatzgruppe A, Wilhelm Fuchs, after the was arrested and extradited to Yugoslavia. He was tried along with seventeen others for the deaths of 150,000 men, women and children, including 35,000 Jews, and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Military Court in Belgrade on 22 December 1946. He was executed by hanging on 24 January 1947.
Arthur Nebe, the first commander of Einsatzgruppe B, subsequently switched sides and got heavily involved in July 20, 1944 coup attempt against Adolf Hitler. The coup failed; Nebe (at the time chief of all German criminal police) went into hiding but was betrayed and apprehended by the Gestapo.
He was brought before the infamous “People’s Court”, charged with treason, convicted, sentenced to death and, according to official records, executed at Plötzensee Prison by being hanged from a meat hook, in accordance with Hitler’s order that the bomb plotters were to be “hanged like cattle”. What happened to him in reality, is still not completely certain.
Nebe’s successor Erich Naumann was captured by the Allies and faced a U.S. military court during the Einsatzgruppen trial in Nuremberg. He was found guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and membership in a criminal organization, namely the SS and the SD. Naumann was sentenced to death and hanged shortly after midnight on June 7, 1951.
Horst Böhme, the third commander of Einsatzgruppe B, after the war… just disappeared. Vanished without a trace. He was declared dead by the district court of Kiel in August 1954, with a death date of April 10, 1945. It was presumed that he had either died in combat or shot himself so as not to fall into Soviet hands. What really happened to him, is anybody’s guess.
His successor, Heinrich Seetzen, after the war was arrested by the British military police. On September 28, 1945, Seetzen allegedly committed suicide using a cyanide capsule. However, he was never officially identified so his true fate remains uncertain.
Otto Rasch, the first commander of Einsatzgruppe C, is the most enigmatic of all. Having neither education/training nor practical experience in oil industry, at the beginning of 1942, he quit the SS and became the director of Continental Oil, Inc. in Berlin (allegedly, the key component of “oil for the Jews” project).
After the war, he was arrested by the Allies was indicted at the Einsatzgruppen trial at the end of September 1947 but the charges were dropped in February 1948, since his physical and mental health were (allegedly) rapidly deteriorating from Parkinson’s disease and associated dementia.
Rasch was transferred back to an internment camp in the British zone. As his health further deteriorated, he was released in June 1948. He allegedly died of his illness at his home in Wehrstedt, Lower Saxony in November 1948.
Given his (allegedly) deep involvement in “trading with the enemy” (“oil for Jews”), it is possible that in reality he just disappeared – possibly joining Himmler, Muller and Globocnik in ODESSA in German Switzerland.
His successor Max Thomas, after the end of the war, went into hiding under the assumed name but was exposed and arrested. On December 6, 1945, he attempted suicide and died as a result in the Luitpold Hospital in Würzburg.
Otto Ohlendorf, the first commander of Einsatzgruppe D, was tried at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, sentenced to death, and executed by hanging in 1951. His successor, Walther Bierkamp, committed suicide on 15 May 1945.
Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu – the man largely responsible for Holocaust in Romania that claimed over 250,000 lives – was deposed in 1944, arrested and tried before the first in a series of People’s Tribunals, on charges of war crimes, crimes against the peace and treason. He was found guilty on all charges, sentenced to death and executed by a military firing squad on 1 June 1946.
Croatian dictator Ante Pavelic was the main instigator of the genocidal crimes committed against Serbs, Jews, Roma and Bosniaks. In 1957, he was shot and mortally wounded by ex-Serbian officer. He died in 1959.
Hungarian dictator Ferenc Szálasi and his Arrow Cross Party were responsible for the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews of Auschwitz and for murder of about 15,000 in the Hungarian version of “Holocaust by Bullets”.
Two days before Nazi surrender, Szálasi was captured by American troops in Austria where he fled. In October, he was extradited to Hungary where he was tried by the People’s Tribunal in Budapest, convicted and sentenced to death for war crimes and high treason. He was hanged on 12 March 1946 in Budapest.
Scribo, ergo sum
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RolandVT
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Wannsee Conference Was Illegal According to Third Reich Laws
As was the whole “Holocaust Project”, by the way. It was a serial mass murder… and serial mass murder was illegal according to the laws of the Third Reich (and so was the conspiracy to commit serial mass murder).
True, in the Führerstaat (system of government unique to the Third Reich) Hitler’s word (i.e., his explicit written order) was above any and all written laws… but there was no written Führer’s order to commit serial mass murder (genocide) of Jews.
It is also true that Hitler’s second-in-command Hermann Göring issued to Heydrich a written order (on behalf of Hitler, no doubt) to find and implement the optimal solution to the “Jewish question” … but there was not even a whiff of genocide in that latter. Actually, it was exactly the opposite – the letter referred to previous method of forced emigration… to somewhere.
Consequently, every attendee of Wannsee Conference was committing a capital offense and thus was looking at either a firing squad (those in SS uniform) or a Fallbeil (those in civilian clothes).
Hence, the primary reason to bring to the conference representatives of Ministry of the Interior (Stuckart) and Ministry of Justice and the courts (Freisler) was to make sure that both entities look the other way and do not ask uncomfortable (for all attendees and their organizations) questions of the legality of their method of “final solution to the Jewish question”.
It worked perfectly… however, twenty years later the prosecutors and the courts of the Federal Republic of Germany used the criminal law of the Third Reich (and the fact that it was blatantly violated by Wannsee conspirators and others responsible for the “Holocaust Project”) to bring some perpetrators to justice.
True, most got “a slap on the wrist” and many were even acquitted due to lack of evidence and unreliable witnesses… but this highly imperfect justice was still much better than no justice at all.
True, in the Führerstaat (system of government unique to the Third Reich) Hitler’s word (i.e., his explicit written order) was above any and all written laws… but there was no written Führer’s order to commit serial mass murder (genocide) of Jews.
It is also true that Hitler’s second-in-command Hermann Göring issued to Heydrich a written order (on behalf of Hitler, no doubt) to find and implement the optimal solution to the “Jewish question” … but there was not even a whiff of genocide in that latter. Actually, it was exactly the opposite – the letter referred to previous method of forced emigration… to somewhere.
Consequently, every attendee of Wannsee Conference was committing a capital offense and thus was looking at either a firing squad (those in SS uniform) or a Fallbeil (those in civilian clothes).
Hence, the primary reason to bring to the conference representatives of Ministry of the Interior (Stuckart) and Ministry of Justice and the courts (Freisler) was to make sure that both entities look the other way and do not ask uncomfortable (for all attendees and their organizations) questions of the legality of their method of “final solution to the Jewish question”.
It worked perfectly… however, twenty years later the prosecutors and the courts of the Federal Republic of Germany used the criminal law of the Third Reich (and the fact that it was blatantly violated by Wannsee conspirators and others responsible for the “Holocaust Project”) to bring some perpetrators to justice.
True, most got “a slap on the wrist” and many were even acquitted due to lack of evidence and unreliable witnesses… but this highly imperfect justice was still much better than no justice at all.
Scribo, ergo sum
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RolandVT
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Holocaust Perpetrators Were Textbook Serial Killers
To understand the Holocaust, you must (obviously) understand its perpetrators. To understand anyone, you must profile him (all Holocaust perpetrators were male). Nazis were criminals (no question about that); consequently, to understand their obviously criminal minds, you must use the tools of criminal profiling.
Fortunately, these tools are (1) available; and (2) are very much applicable to Holocaust perpetrators. Available because the capable tools for profiling serial kills have been around for decades and applicable because all Holocaust perpetrators were serial killers (serial murderers).
They were highly unusual serial killers because (1) there were half a dozen principal Holocaust perpetrators (Hitler, Göring, Himmler, Heydrich, Bormann and Hans Frank); and (2) because they were serial mass murderers.
However, they were still serial killers – and the Holocaust was still a serial homicide (serial mass homicide – but still a serial homicide). Consequently, the Holocaust must be investigated (like just any other serial homicide), not studied.
When you realize that Holocaust perpetrators were (psychologically) serial killers – just like Ted Bundy and his “colleagues” – you will immediately understand why the Holocaust happened the way it happened.
You will understand it because practically all serial killers share the same dynamics: they escalate (“graduate” from torturing animals to petty crimes to more serious crimes to very serious crimes such as rape); then snap (and start killing); then escalate (“graduate”) again to more and more vicious murders.
And that’s exactly what happened to the Nazis (some group dynamics was obviously involved). First and foremost, to leaders of the “Holocaust Project”: Hitler, Göring, Himmler, Heydrich and Hans Frank.
First, they escalated both in strategy (from forced emigration to deportation to inhospitable places) and in tactics (to a more and more severe persecution of Jews). Then – sometime in early April of 1941 – they snapped and decided to commence mass murder of the Jews (initially, just men of military age in the Soviet Union).
This snap was obviously triggered by an external event: On December 18, 1940, Adolf Hitler gave his generals the order to prepare for an offensive war against the Soviet Union the following year. Then they escalated again: from shooting all male Jews they graduated to murdering all Jews in the Soviet Union… and then escalated to murdering all Jews in all territories controlled by Germany and its allies.
Fortunately, these tools are (1) available; and (2) are very much applicable to Holocaust perpetrators. Available because the capable tools for profiling serial kills have been around for decades and applicable because all Holocaust perpetrators were serial killers (serial murderers).
They were highly unusual serial killers because (1) there were half a dozen principal Holocaust perpetrators (Hitler, Göring, Himmler, Heydrich, Bormann and Hans Frank); and (2) because they were serial mass murderers.
However, they were still serial killers – and the Holocaust was still a serial homicide (serial mass homicide – but still a serial homicide). Consequently, the Holocaust must be investigated (like just any other serial homicide), not studied.
When you realize that Holocaust perpetrators were (psychologically) serial killers – just like Ted Bundy and his “colleagues” – you will immediately understand why the Holocaust happened the way it happened.
You will understand it because practically all serial killers share the same dynamics: they escalate (“graduate” from torturing animals to petty crimes to more serious crimes to very serious crimes such as rape); then snap (and start killing); then escalate (“graduate”) again to more and more vicious murders.
And that’s exactly what happened to the Nazis (some group dynamics was obviously involved). First and foremost, to leaders of the “Holocaust Project”: Hitler, Göring, Himmler, Heydrich and Hans Frank.
First, they escalated both in strategy (from forced emigration to deportation to inhospitable places) and in tactics (to a more and more severe persecution of Jews). Then – sometime in early April of 1941 – they snapped and decided to commence mass murder of the Jews (initially, just men of military age in the Soviet Union).
This snap was obviously triggered by an external event: On December 18, 1940, Adolf Hitler gave his generals the order to prepare for an offensive war against the Soviet Union the following year. Then they escalated again: from shooting all male Jews they graduated to murdering all Jews in the Soviet Union… and then escalated to murdering all Jews in all territories controlled by Germany and its allies.
Scribo, ergo sum
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RolandVT
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Battalion 101 Trial Was Highly Informative
Actually, there were two RPB 101 trials – but he really informative was the second one, held in Hamburg (where the Battalion 101 was initially formed). It yielded two kinds of highly valuable information.
First, it exposed the contribution made by Order Police battalions to the “Holocaust Project” – which was enormous. Order Police (Ordnungspolizei or Orpo) was the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany from 1936 to 1945.
It was created in 1936 (right after Heinrich Himmler became Chief of German Police) out of Orpo in Weimar Republic, immediately integrated into the SS and grouped into battalions in 1939 – in anticipation of the invasion of Poland.
Reserve-Polizei-Battalion 101 (RPB 101) was formed in Hamburg and was deployed in September 1939 to occupied Poland. Following a personnel change and retraining from May 1941 until June 1942, it became a major perpetrator of the Holocaust in occupied Poland… just like other RPB pretty much everywhere.
After the commencement of Operation Barbarossa, Orpo joined Einsatzgruppen in the massacres of Jews. According to mainstream Holocaust statistics, the first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by the Orpo occurred in Białystok on July 12 1941.
It was followed by the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews by RPB 133, perpetrated in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) on October 12, 1941 with the aid of Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police.
Thanks to revelations by Arthur Nebe (and to independent historians) we know that these numbers were inflated by a factor from 3 to 10… and that the much-publicized Babi Yar massacre (allegedly carried out by RPB 45) did not happen.
However, even if you divide the numbers above by five (the average “inflation rate” in Orpo reports), it was still a horrific serial mass murder that continued well into 1943 – even severely reduced death toll does not change a bit the essence of the Holocaust – or the scale of Orpo involvement in Shoah.
The Order Police battalions became indispensable in the implementation of the Final Solution. They rounded up tens of thousands of Nazi ghetto inmates for deportations to extermination camps during the “Holocaust by Gas” stage, and were heavily involved in the “Holocaust by Bullets”.
Battalion 101 committed serial mass murder of Jewish men, women, children and the elderly, most notably during the Aktion Erntefest of 1943, the largest German single massacre of Jews during the “Holocaust by Bullets”, with estimated 42,000 victims (it will be the largest even if you divide this number by three).
The first mass murder known to have been committed entirely by RPB 101 was the massacre of 1,500 Jews from Józefów “open” ghetto, approximately 100 km south of Lublin in south-eastern Poland, on July 13 1942.
This massacre proved beyond the reasonable doubt that all mass shootings in Orpo were strictly voluntary (Einsatzgruppen were a different matter entirely – they were composed of volunteers from the start).
Twelve out of 500 policemen opted out and were immediately transferred to non-shooting duties. As were those who asked for transfer after their first murders – being unable to continue shooting Jews begging for mercy point-blank. 1,800 Jews were shot (bodies were buried later by the locals).
The next ghetto liquidation action took place less than a month later in Łomazy lacking a rail line.[40] The infants, the old, and the infirm were shot by Battalion 101 during the early morning round-ups on 17 August 1942.
Later that day some 1,700 ghetto prisoners were marched on foot to the Hały forest outside the town, where the stronger Jewish men dug a trench with entrance on one side. The Jews were stripped naked and shot, the killings taking until 7:00 p.m.
Soon after the war ended, RPB 101 Commander Major Wilhelm Trapp was captured by the British authorities and placed at the Neuengamme Internment Camp. He was extradited to Poland along with four other RPB 101 officers. Trapp was charged with war crimes, sentenced to death on 6 July 1948 and executed by hanging on 18 December 1948 along with Gustav Drewes – his second-in-command.
In 1964 several RPB 101 men were arrested in West Germany. In 1968 after a two-year trial in Hamburg three men got eight years imprisonment, one six years and one five years. Six other policemen – all lower ranks – were found guilty but not sentenced. The rest lived their normal lives.
This trial was vitally important because it established the exact procedure followed by Orpo and Einsatzgruppen in “Holocaust by Bullets”. It proved beyond the reasonable doubt that it was physically impossible to shoot more than 150 victims an hour by a battalion-strong firing squad.
Which means that even if Babi Yar massacre took place (it didn’t) it was physically impossible to shoot more than 3,500 Jews in two days – let alone over 33,000. It does not mean that “Holocaust by Bullets” did not happen (it did); it only means that the number of victims was severely inflated – and some alleged massacres never happened at all.
No surprise here – every homicide detective knows that everyone lies.
First, it exposed the contribution made by Order Police battalions to the “Holocaust Project” – which was enormous. Order Police (Ordnungspolizei or Orpo) was the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany from 1936 to 1945.
It was created in 1936 (right after Heinrich Himmler became Chief of German Police) out of Orpo in Weimar Republic, immediately integrated into the SS and grouped into battalions in 1939 – in anticipation of the invasion of Poland.
Reserve-Polizei-Battalion 101 (RPB 101) was formed in Hamburg and was deployed in September 1939 to occupied Poland. Following a personnel change and retraining from May 1941 until June 1942, it became a major perpetrator of the Holocaust in occupied Poland… just like other RPB pretty much everywhere.
After the commencement of Operation Barbarossa, Orpo joined Einsatzgruppen in the massacres of Jews. According to mainstream Holocaust statistics, the first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by the Orpo occurred in Białystok on July 12 1941.
It was followed by the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews by RPB 133, perpetrated in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) on October 12, 1941 with the aid of Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo) and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police.
Thanks to revelations by Arthur Nebe (and to independent historians) we know that these numbers were inflated by a factor from 3 to 10… and that the much-publicized Babi Yar massacre (allegedly carried out by RPB 45) did not happen.
However, even if you divide the numbers above by five (the average “inflation rate” in Orpo reports), it was still a horrific serial mass murder that continued well into 1943 – even severely reduced death toll does not change a bit the essence of the Holocaust – or the scale of Orpo involvement in Shoah.
The Order Police battalions became indispensable in the implementation of the Final Solution. They rounded up tens of thousands of Nazi ghetto inmates for deportations to extermination camps during the “Holocaust by Gas” stage, and were heavily involved in the “Holocaust by Bullets”.
Battalion 101 committed serial mass murder of Jewish men, women, children and the elderly, most notably during the Aktion Erntefest of 1943, the largest German single massacre of Jews during the “Holocaust by Bullets”, with estimated 42,000 victims (it will be the largest even if you divide this number by three).
The first mass murder known to have been committed entirely by RPB 101 was the massacre of 1,500 Jews from Józefów “open” ghetto, approximately 100 km south of Lublin in south-eastern Poland, on July 13 1942.
This massacre proved beyond the reasonable doubt that all mass shootings in Orpo were strictly voluntary (Einsatzgruppen were a different matter entirely – they were composed of volunteers from the start).
Twelve out of 500 policemen opted out and were immediately transferred to non-shooting duties. As were those who asked for transfer after their first murders – being unable to continue shooting Jews begging for mercy point-blank. 1,800 Jews were shot (bodies were buried later by the locals).
The next ghetto liquidation action took place less than a month later in Łomazy lacking a rail line.[40] The infants, the old, and the infirm were shot by Battalion 101 during the early morning round-ups on 17 August 1942.
Later that day some 1,700 ghetto prisoners were marched on foot to the Hały forest outside the town, where the stronger Jewish men dug a trench with entrance on one side. The Jews were stripped naked and shot, the killings taking until 7:00 p.m.
Soon after the war ended, RPB 101 Commander Major Wilhelm Trapp was captured by the British authorities and placed at the Neuengamme Internment Camp. He was extradited to Poland along with four other RPB 101 officers. Trapp was charged with war crimes, sentenced to death on 6 July 1948 and executed by hanging on 18 December 1948 along with Gustav Drewes – his second-in-command.
In 1964 several RPB 101 men were arrested in West Germany. In 1968 after a two-year trial in Hamburg three men got eight years imprisonment, one six years and one five years. Six other policemen – all lower ranks – were found guilty but not sentenced. The rest lived their normal lives.
This trial was vitally important because it established the exact procedure followed by Orpo and Einsatzgruppen in “Holocaust by Bullets”. It proved beyond the reasonable doubt that it was physically impossible to shoot more than 150 victims an hour by a battalion-strong firing squad.
Which means that even if Babi Yar massacre took place (it didn’t) it was physically impossible to shoot more than 3,500 Jews in two days – let alone over 33,000. It does not mean that “Holocaust by Bullets” did not happen (it did); it only means that the number of victims was severely inflated – and some alleged massacres never happened at all.
No surprise here – every homicide detective knows that everyone lies.
Scribo, ergo sum
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RolandVT
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Soviet-Polish War Was the First Attempt to Conquer Europe
Soviet-Polish War of 1919-20 was the brainchild of Leon Trotsky (a Jew) and was the cornerstone – and the springboard – for another brainchild of his (yes, Trotsky was a far more important Bolshevist leader than Lenin). The permanent revolution – non-stop Bolshevist expansion with the (intermediate) objective of conquering and annexing (into the Bolshevist Soviet state) the whole continental Europe.
Contrary to what Nazis deeply, passionately and sincerely believed, there was nothing Jewish about this objective and it had nothing to do with (fake) plans of non-existent “Elders of Zion” to take over the world.
This idea was a 100% Russian; which was bot surprising at all because the Soviet Russia was not a “subversive project of world Jewry” but a Bolshevist reincarnation of the Russian Empire (since Ivan the Terrible, Russian tsars and emperors intended to conquer the whole Europe, annex it into Russian imperial state and convert its population to Russian Orthodox Christianity).
Therefore, Leon Trotsky was mentally not a Jew at all (he was Jewish only by blood) but a Russian imperialist, hell-bent (literally) at expanding the Russian state as far as possible. And his “permanent revolution” was but a Bolshevist version of centuries-old Russian imperial doctrine of permanent expansion… everywhere.
Trotsky was well aware of the problems of a newborn Soviet Russia; however, he (correctly) believed that the post-war continental Europe was so weak in terms of military power (especially Germany stripped of almost all of its armed forces by Versailles criminals) that it would be an easy prey.
In Trotsky’s (actually, quite professional) opinion, newborn Poland was no match for a million-strong Red Army (which had the experience of the Russian Civil War); German Reichswehr was all but non-existence and France was simply unwilling to fight (it was unwilling 20 years later which was the #1 reason for the Fall of France)
Consequently, in 1920, Red Army had almost a 100% chance of conquering first Poland, then Germany, then France… and then the whole continental Europe.
It did not happen. Polish Army led by Józef Pilsudski performed the Miracle on the Vistula and all but annihilated the invading Red Army. Lenin and Trotsky were forced to sign a treaty not very different from the one with Germany in 1918.
This disaster vindicated Stalin and the decision was made to make the next attempt to conquer Europe only after the creation of a mammoth Soviet military-industrial complex – which took twenty years. On June 23, 1941, the Red Army was set to repeat the invasion into Poland.
Contrary to what Nazis deeply, passionately and sincerely believed, there was nothing Jewish about this objective and it had nothing to do with (fake) plans of non-existent “Elders of Zion” to take over the world.
This idea was a 100% Russian; which was bot surprising at all because the Soviet Russia was not a “subversive project of world Jewry” but a Bolshevist reincarnation of the Russian Empire (since Ivan the Terrible, Russian tsars and emperors intended to conquer the whole Europe, annex it into Russian imperial state and convert its population to Russian Orthodox Christianity).
Therefore, Leon Trotsky was mentally not a Jew at all (he was Jewish only by blood) but a Russian imperialist, hell-bent (literally) at expanding the Russian state as far as possible. And his “permanent revolution” was but a Bolshevist version of centuries-old Russian imperial doctrine of permanent expansion… everywhere.
Trotsky was well aware of the problems of a newborn Soviet Russia; however, he (correctly) believed that the post-war continental Europe was so weak in terms of military power (especially Germany stripped of almost all of its armed forces by Versailles criminals) that it would be an easy prey.
In Trotsky’s (actually, quite professional) opinion, newborn Poland was no match for a million-strong Red Army (which had the experience of the Russian Civil War); German Reichswehr was all but non-existence and France was simply unwilling to fight (it was unwilling 20 years later which was the #1 reason for the Fall of France)
Consequently, in 1920, Red Army had almost a 100% chance of conquering first Poland, then Germany, then France… and then the whole continental Europe.
It did not happen. Polish Army led by Józef Pilsudski performed the Miracle on the Vistula and all but annihilated the invading Red Army. Lenin and Trotsky were forced to sign a treaty not very different from the one with Germany in 1918.
This disaster vindicated Stalin and the decision was made to make the next attempt to conquer Europe only after the creation of a mammoth Soviet military-industrial complex – which took twenty years. On June 23, 1941, the Red Army was set to repeat the invasion into Poland.
Scribo, ergo sum
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RolandVT
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Treaty of Versailles Was the Worst Blunder in History
History is not about morals; it is about who did what when where how and why. What were the intended objectives; what were the actual results… and if they were different, then why.
The fundamental objective of Treaty of Versailles was to prevent another Great War – and thus the repeat of horrible toll of the first one. An estimated 8 million military personnel were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. War brought enormous devastation to huge territories of France, Germany and parts of Russian Empire (future Soviet Union and Poland).
In that, the Treaty of Versailles was a gargantuan failure – the worst such failure in human history. Its direct result was the Second Great War which killed an estimated 70 million – about 3% of the estimated global population of 2.3 billion in 1940. Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50 million, with an additional estimated 20 million deaths from war-related disease and famine.
Survival of the diabolical Bolshevist regime in Russia; murderous Nazi dictatorship in Germany; the Holocaust; other serial mass murders committed by the Nazis, Bolsheviks and others (including post-war “German Holocaust”); establishment of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, China, Far East, Cuba, etc.; horrendous devastation to Germany, Austria, Russia, Easter Europe, France, Britain, etc. were all the results of genuinely idiotic decisions made by “Versailles criminals” (actually, morons) and imposed on Germany under threat of starvation.
Treaty of Versailles was a grandiose crime – one of the worst and the most destructive crimes in human history – but it was much worse than that. It was worse than a blunder – it was a gargantuan insanity. Cut and dry, plain and simple.
Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch said about the Treaty of Versailles: “This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years”… and turned out to be almost 100% correct (the Second Great War started 20 years, two months and three days later).
How did ostensibly smart individuals – leaders of France, Great Britain and the USA – made decisions that were so stupid? The primary reason was that they had a totally wrong understanding of where the genuine threat of the Second Great War was coming from.
Which is VERY strange because all of the above knew for a fact that the First Great War was deliberately ignited by Russia via its puppets in Serbia who controlled the Bosnian terrorists who carried out assassination in Sarajevo.
The reality of 1914 was that the all-out European war was not a foregone conclusion – it could have been avoided. Only the Sarajevo assassination made it inevitable – and thus the war was ignited by Russia, not Germany.
Hence, it would have been logical to expect the threat to European peace to come from Russian soil again – especially given the fact that by summer of 1919 the Bolshevist government of now Soviet Russia not only publicly declared its intent to conquer the whole world, but created two key tools for this conquest: the Red Army and the Communist International.
Unfortunately, it did not happen. For some reason, all if the above sincerely believed that to achieve the lasting peace in Europe they had to weaken Germany as much as possible – and thus imposed on the latter genuinely draconian terms.
The treaty stripped Germany of 65,000 km2 of territory and 7 million people. It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established.
Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions. Paramilitary forces were forbidden. German Navy was severely reduced as well – to a shadow of its former self.
Germany was forced – under the threat of starvation – to accept responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war “as a consequence of the aggression of Germany and her allies”.
Which was a blatant lie as everyone knew that the war was ignited by Russia and Serbia with tacit approval of France (who wanted Alsace and Lorraine back). In practice, acceptance of responsibility meant acceptance of reparations that were so enormous that they all but destroyed German economy.
To ensure compliance of Germany with the terms of the treaty, the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for 15 years.
The terms of the treaty were so draconian, so unfair and so criminal that the Germans would have supported anyone who would do away with this ignominy. That “someone” turned to be Adolf Hitler who was allowed to come to power only because only he could do this job – and protect Germany from Bolshevism.
Which made Versailles criminals responsible for Shoah – and other Nazi crimes.
The fundamental objective of Treaty of Versailles was to prevent another Great War – and thus the repeat of horrible toll of the first one. An estimated 8 million military personnel were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. War brought enormous devastation to huge territories of France, Germany and parts of Russian Empire (future Soviet Union and Poland).
In that, the Treaty of Versailles was a gargantuan failure – the worst such failure in human history. Its direct result was the Second Great War which killed an estimated 70 million – about 3% of the estimated global population of 2.3 billion in 1940. Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50 million, with an additional estimated 20 million deaths from war-related disease and famine.
Survival of the diabolical Bolshevist regime in Russia; murderous Nazi dictatorship in Germany; the Holocaust; other serial mass murders committed by the Nazis, Bolsheviks and others (including post-war “German Holocaust”); establishment of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, China, Far East, Cuba, etc.; horrendous devastation to Germany, Austria, Russia, Easter Europe, France, Britain, etc. were all the results of genuinely idiotic decisions made by “Versailles criminals” (actually, morons) and imposed on Germany under threat of starvation.
Treaty of Versailles was a grandiose crime – one of the worst and the most destructive crimes in human history – but it was much worse than that. It was worse than a blunder – it was a gargantuan insanity. Cut and dry, plain and simple.
Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch said about the Treaty of Versailles: “This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years”… and turned out to be almost 100% correct (the Second Great War started 20 years, two months and three days later).
How did ostensibly smart individuals – leaders of France, Great Britain and the USA – made decisions that were so stupid? The primary reason was that they had a totally wrong understanding of where the genuine threat of the Second Great War was coming from.
Which is VERY strange because all of the above knew for a fact that the First Great War was deliberately ignited by Russia via its puppets in Serbia who controlled the Bosnian terrorists who carried out assassination in Sarajevo.
The reality of 1914 was that the all-out European war was not a foregone conclusion – it could have been avoided. Only the Sarajevo assassination made it inevitable – and thus the war was ignited by Russia, not Germany.
Hence, it would have been logical to expect the threat to European peace to come from Russian soil again – especially given the fact that by summer of 1919 the Bolshevist government of now Soviet Russia not only publicly declared its intent to conquer the whole world, but created two key tools for this conquest: the Red Army and the Communist International.
Unfortunately, it did not happen. For some reason, all if the above sincerely believed that to achieve the lasting peace in Europe they had to weaken Germany as much as possible – and thus imposed on the latter genuinely draconian terms.
The treaty stripped Germany of 65,000 km2 of territory and 7 million people. It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established.
Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions. Paramilitary forces were forbidden. German Navy was severely reduced as well – to a shadow of its former self.
Germany was forced – under the threat of starvation – to accept responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war “as a consequence of the aggression of Germany and her allies”.
Which was a blatant lie as everyone knew that the war was ignited by Russia and Serbia with tacit approval of France (who wanted Alsace and Lorraine back). In practice, acceptance of responsibility meant acceptance of reparations that were so enormous that they all but destroyed German economy.
To ensure compliance of Germany with the terms of the treaty, the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for 15 years.
The terms of the treaty were so draconian, so unfair and so criminal that the Germans would have supported anyone who would do away with this ignominy. That “someone” turned to be Adolf Hitler who was allowed to come to power only because only he could do this job – and protect Germany from Bolshevism.
Which made Versailles criminals responsible for Shoah – and other Nazi crimes.
Scribo, ergo sum
-
RolandVT
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There Might Be Some Truth Behind the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Now we are getting into a serious conspiracy theory. Literally – because it deals with a conspiracy to take over the whole world, destroy human civilization as we know it and transform the world into a genuine Hell on Earth.
And yes, it was a Jewish conspiracy because the conspirators were (yes, they are no more) Jewish by blood. However, they were not mythical “Elders of Zion” … and they were as much enemies of the Jewish people as of any other nation.
This conspiracy was born thousands of years ago – after God made Jews their chosen people and thus provided them with enormous spiritual power in our world. And converted their chieftain – Abraham – to monotheism.
Biblical account in Genesis 22: 1-2 is straightforward:
“God called to him, “Abraham!” And Abraham said, “Here am I.” God said, “Take your son, your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering upon one of the mountains of which I shall tell you”
To properly understand this passage and the whole story of “burnt offering” of Isaac (thankfully, it never took place), you must understand that the Old Testament is NOT a history textbook.
In reality, it is a book of historical (and religious) fiction based on true stories. In other words, a collection of fictionalized (often heavily fictionalized) true stories. Which means that in order to extract truth from these stories, you need to use scientific approach of history, psychology, theology, etc.
The sad truth is that at the time Abraham was a pagan. A polytheist who worshipped a whole pantheon of gods… including Baal (Moloch). One really horrible dogma of cult of Baal/Moloch was that at the time of crisis the chieftain of the tribe (in this case, Abraham) had to sacrifice his firstborn child (not necessarily male) to Moloch. By burning him alive (hence “burnt offering”).
Abraham was talking to a different god – Jehovah (the chief god of the tribe that he belonged to). Those days it was normal for such a god to command the chieftain of the tribe to perform a human sacrifice to a somewhat higher god (Baal/Moloch) … and for the chieftain to oblige. Hence, Abraham offered no resistance.
Abraham prepared the sacrifice according to “Baal/Moloch Rite” (Genesis 22: 9-10)
“When they came to the place of which God had told him, Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar, upon the wood. Then Abraham put forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son”
Author(s) of Old Testament for obvious reasons (not to inflict severe psychological trauma on women and children who would listen to public readings of Torah in the synagogues) deliberately softened the narrative. The “Baal/Moloch Rite” required the child to be burned alive during the ceremony of human sacrifice.
But then something very, very unexpected happened (Genesis 22: 11-13):
“But the angel of the LORD called to him from heaven, and said, “Abraham, Abraham!” And Abraham said, “Here am I.” Angel said, “Do not lay your hand on the lad or do anything to him; for now, I know that you fear God, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only-begotten son, from Me.”
And Abraham lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, behind him was a ram, caught in a thicket by his horns; and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son”
And that was the end of human sacrifice in Abraham’s tribe – which immediately made him and his tribe different from every nation in the land who continued to perform human sacrifice for centuries (until Romans and other progressors did away with this genuinely diabolical practice).
Then Jehovah (via His angel) made a solemn promise (Genesis 22:17-18)
“I will indeed bless you, and I will multiply your descendants as the stars of heaven and as the sand which is on the seashore… and by your descendants shall all the nations of the earth bless themselves”
In practice, it meant that the descendants of Abraham (i.e., Jews) will become a conduit of Divine Grace for the whole mankind – and thus genuine saviors of the latter (which makes anti-Semites very, very wrong). However, to make it happen, God had to make them ones – and take care of a genuinely existential problem.
The problem of the Church of Moloch.
On the surface, Old Testament is mostly the history of a millennia-long struggle (practically, a religious war) between Jewish monotheists (who worshipped Jehovah) and Jewish pagans – who worshipped a whole pantheon of gods.
Reality, however, was much worse – it was a religious war between monotheists and devil-worshippers; between those who worshipped God and those who (often unconsciously, but it did not matter) worshipped Devil.
After God converted Abraham to monotheism, the latter converted his whole tribe… or so it seemed. Because some of his tribesmen only pretended to convert to monotheism – in reality they continued to worship Baal. Moloch. The Devil.
And ultimately created the secret Church of Moloch (that’s the way I called it – I have no idea how it was called – it appears to be defunct for decades). Religious organization that became the curse of Jewish people for millennia.
Another sad truth is that blood libel – the antisemitic belief that Jews murder Christians (mostly Christian children) in order to use their blood in the performance of religious rituals is (hopefully, was) partially true.
It is a sad truth that a very, very small number of individuals of Jewish blood have been performing human sacrifice – murdering Christian children (rarely adults) for religious reasons.
However, they were not Jews by religion; they were not members of Jewish communities or the Jewish nation… in fact, they were the sworn, existential enemies of all of the above – as well as of the whole mankind.
They were the members of secret (underground) Church of Moloch that had been in existence for millennia – till mid-1940’s, most likely. It never had more than a few dozen members worldwide (a hundred or so at most) – and some of these members did perform human sacrifice for Baal. Moloch. The Devil.
But their ambitions went far, far further. They wanted to either convert Jews back to the cult of Baal/Moloch (in that they failed miserably, thank God) or highjack Jewish religion (the jury is still out on this one – although they most likely failed as well) to use God’s Chosen People for exactly the opposite purpose.
Take control of the whole world – and deliver it to their master the Devil. To transform our planet into a genuine Hell on Earth.
The only realistic motive for creating the infamous Protocols of the Elders of Zion – an obvious fake – was to inform the world about the existence of a group of individuals (Jewish by blood but hostile to the Jewish people and to the Jewish faith) hell-bent – literally – on taking over the whole world.
Pyotr Rachkovsky – head of Russian imperial foreign intelligence – somehow learned about their existence of their plans but did not have enough evidence to write an official report. Hence, he decided to use this… unconventional way to inform the world about this existential threat.
So, there might be some truth behind the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
And yes, it was a Jewish conspiracy because the conspirators were (yes, they are no more) Jewish by blood. However, they were not mythical “Elders of Zion” … and they were as much enemies of the Jewish people as of any other nation.
This conspiracy was born thousands of years ago – after God made Jews their chosen people and thus provided them with enormous spiritual power in our world. And converted their chieftain – Abraham – to monotheism.
Biblical account in Genesis 22: 1-2 is straightforward:
“God called to him, “Abraham!” And Abraham said, “Here am I.” God said, “Take your son, your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering upon one of the mountains of which I shall tell you”
To properly understand this passage and the whole story of “burnt offering” of Isaac (thankfully, it never took place), you must understand that the Old Testament is NOT a history textbook.
In reality, it is a book of historical (and religious) fiction based on true stories. In other words, a collection of fictionalized (often heavily fictionalized) true stories. Which means that in order to extract truth from these stories, you need to use scientific approach of history, psychology, theology, etc.
The sad truth is that at the time Abraham was a pagan. A polytheist who worshipped a whole pantheon of gods… including Baal (Moloch). One really horrible dogma of cult of Baal/Moloch was that at the time of crisis the chieftain of the tribe (in this case, Abraham) had to sacrifice his firstborn child (not necessarily male) to Moloch. By burning him alive (hence “burnt offering”).
Abraham was talking to a different god – Jehovah (the chief god of the tribe that he belonged to). Those days it was normal for such a god to command the chieftain of the tribe to perform a human sacrifice to a somewhat higher god (Baal/Moloch) … and for the chieftain to oblige. Hence, Abraham offered no resistance.
Abraham prepared the sacrifice according to “Baal/Moloch Rite” (Genesis 22: 9-10)
“When they came to the place of which God had told him, Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar, upon the wood. Then Abraham put forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son”
Author(s) of Old Testament for obvious reasons (not to inflict severe psychological trauma on women and children who would listen to public readings of Torah in the synagogues) deliberately softened the narrative. The “Baal/Moloch Rite” required the child to be burned alive during the ceremony of human sacrifice.
But then something very, very unexpected happened (Genesis 22: 11-13):
“But the angel of the LORD called to him from heaven, and said, “Abraham, Abraham!” And Abraham said, “Here am I.” Angel said, “Do not lay your hand on the lad or do anything to him; for now, I know that you fear God, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only-begotten son, from Me.”
And Abraham lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, behind him was a ram, caught in a thicket by his horns; and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son”
And that was the end of human sacrifice in Abraham’s tribe – which immediately made him and his tribe different from every nation in the land who continued to perform human sacrifice for centuries (until Romans and other progressors did away with this genuinely diabolical practice).
Then Jehovah (via His angel) made a solemn promise (Genesis 22:17-18)
“I will indeed bless you, and I will multiply your descendants as the stars of heaven and as the sand which is on the seashore… and by your descendants shall all the nations of the earth bless themselves”
In practice, it meant that the descendants of Abraham (i.e., Jews) will become a conduit of Divine Grace for the whole mankind – and thus genuine saviors of the latter (which makes anti-Semites very, very wrong). However, to make it happen, God had to make them ones – and take care of a genuinely existential problem.
The problem of the Church of Moloch.
On the surface, Old Testament is mostly the history of a millennia-long struggle (practically, a religious war) between Jewish monotheists (who worshipped Jehovah) and Jewish pagans – who worshipped a whole pantheon of gods.
Reality, however, was much worse – it was a religious war between monotheists and devil-worshippers; between those who worshipped God and those who (often unconsciously, but it did not matter) worshipped Devil.
After God converted Abraham to monotheism, the latter converted his whole tribe… or so it seemed. Because some of his tribesmen only pretended to convert to monotheism – in reality they continued to worship Baal. Moloch. The Devil.
And ultimately created the secret Church of Moloch (that’s the way I called it – I have no idea how it was called – it appears to be defunct for decades). Religious organization that became the curse of Jewish people for millennia.
Another sad truth is that blood libel – the antisemitic belief that Jews murder Christians (mostly Christian children) in order to use their blood in the performance of religious rituals is (hopefully, was) partially true.
It is a sad truth that a very, very small number of individuals of Jewish blood have been performing human sacrifice – murdering Christian children (rarely adults) for religious reasons.
However, they were not Jews by religion; they were not members of Jewish communities or the Jewish nation… in fact, they were the sworn, existential enemies of all of the above – as well as of the whole mankind.
They were the members of secret (underground) Church of Moloch that had been in existence for millennia – till mid-1940’s, most likely. It never had more than a few dozen members worldwide (a hundred or so at most) – and some of these members did perform human sacrifice for Baal. Moloch. The Devil.
But their ambitions went far, far further. They wanted to either convert Jews back to the cult of Baal/Moloch (in that they failed miserably, thank God) or highjack Jewish religion (the jury is still out on this one – although they most likely failed as well) to use God’s Chosen People for exactly the opposite purpose.
Take control of the whole world – and deliver it to their master the Devil. To transform our planet into a genuine Hell on Earth.
The only realistic motive for creating the infamous Protocols of the Elders of Zion – an obvious fake – was to inform the world about the existence of a group of individuals (Jewish by blood but hostile to the Jewish people and to the Jewish faith) hell-bent – literally – on taking over the whole world.
Pyotr Rachkovsky – head of Russian imperial foreign intelligence – somehow learned about their existence of their plans but did not have enough evidence to write an official report. Hence, he decided to use this… unconventional way to inform the world about this existential threat.
So, there might be some truth behind the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Scribo, ergo sum